中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
中外专家建言平台经济反垄断 吁规范“市场守门人”******
(经济观察)中外专家建言平台经济反垄断 吁规范“市场守门人”
中新社北京12月21日电 (记者 王恩博)随着平台经济在全球范围内崛起,由此滋生的一些平台垄断行为侵害消费者利益、影响公平竞争,也引起各方警惕。
近日在北京举行的一场学术研讨沙龙上,多位中外专家表示,数字经济为大众生活带来了巨大便利,各国监管机构对其发展一直采取审慎包容态度。但未来相关领域要实现增强创新活力、降低市场进入壁垒、避免滥用市场支配地位等目标,还有诸多重点问题需要关注。
德国曼海姆欧洲经济研究中心院长、德国反垄断委员会成员阿希姆·瓦姆巴赫(AchimWambach)所著《不安的变革:数字时代的市场竞争与大众福利》一书近期在中国出版。该书关注的正是如何在发挥市场经济作用前提下,通过竞争政策规范数字化变革中的企业行为,并最终增进大众福利。
瓦姆巴赫表示,在强调竞争的经济政策指导下,德国规模前100大企业的营业收入占GDP比重在过去几十年中持续下降,有效保护了中小企业的生存、稳定了就业。
但他也坦言,数字化变革对这种稳态构成了冲击,领先科技企业的市场份额持续扩大,并在不断大量追加研发支出,不断拓展创新边界并扩大自身优势,市场集中趋势不断加强,且存在企业滥用市场势力损害大众福利现象。对此,德国和欧盟的应对方式是完善反垄断法律法规和开展国际合作,推出GAIA-X等欧洲数据平台等。
值得注意的是,欧盟委员会近日公布了《数字服务法案》及《数字市场法案》草案,旨在明确数字服务提供者的责任并遏制大型网络平台恶性竞争行为。
德国政府宏观经济顾问托马斯·费泽介绍,《数字市场法案》草案将大型平台企业称为“市场守门人”(Gatekeeper),因为其具有制定市场准入门槛的能力,并针对这类平台提出了“守门人法规”。此前欧盟相关法律法规制订和执行都耗时较长,此番立法体现出对提升执法速度和效率的追求,并力图在动态和静态效率之间取得平衡。
规范平台经济竞争模式,中国亦动作频频。如国家市场监管总局日前发布《关于平台经济领域的反垄断指南(征求意见稿)》,针对互联网平台企业作出更多细化规定。
对外经济贸易大学竞争法中心主任、国务院反垄断委员会专家咨询组成员黄勇表示,反垄断法初衷是防止市场上出现排除、限制竞争的垄断行为,在数字经济中实现这一目标,关键在于认识数字经济领域的反竞争效果,其中有两个重点、难点问题:一是对数据属性和意义进行明确;二是结合相关市场的界定认识反竞争行为的发生场景。
在司法部政府法制研究中心副主任李富成看来,公开透明、公平竞争、可预期、无歧视的营商环境是需要国家提供的制度公共品。但电商平台企业特别是超大规模的电商平台企业承担了对平台上众多市场主体的治理功能,也要在电商经济制度基础设施建设过程中发挥积极作用,协同培育平台间和平台上的良好商业生态。
中国信通院政策与经济研究所监管研究部主任李强治亦指出,平台企业一系列新的经济社会角色使其在生态治理中的必要性和重要性大大提升,政府直接治理所有市场主体的传统模式不再适用,构建政府与平台协同的多元治理体系应是未来平台经济治理模式设计的主要方向。(完)
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)